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Perihelion, the point during the year when the Earth is closest to the Sun, occurs around this date. ==Events== *1521 – Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther in the papal bull ''Decet Romanum Pontificem''. *1653 – By the Coonan Cross Oath, the Eastern Church in India cuts itself off from colonial Portuguese tutelage. *1749 – Benning Wentworth issues the first of the New Hampshire Grants, leading to the establishment of Vermont. * 1749 – The first issue of ''Berlingske'', Denmark's oldest continually operating newspaper, is published. *1777 – American General George Washington defeats British General Lord Cornwallis at the Battle of Princeton. *1815 – Austria, the United Kingdom, and France form a secret defensive alliance against Prussia and Russia. *1823 – Stephen F. Austin receives a grant of land in Texas from the government of Mexico. *1848 – Joseph Jenkins Roberts is sworn in as the first president of the independent African Liberia. *1861 – American Civil War: Delaware votes not to secede from the United States. *1868 – Meiji Restoration in Japan: The Tokugawa shogunate is abolished; agents of Satsuma and Chōshū seize power. *1870 – Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge begins. *1885 – Sino-French War: Beginning of the Battle of Núi Bop *1888 – The refracting telescope at the Lick Observatory, measuring 91 cm in diameter, is used for the first time. It was the largest telescope in the world at the time. *1911 – A magnitude 7.7 earthquake destroys the city of Almaty in Russian Turkestan. *1919 – At the Paris Peace Conference, Emir Faisal I of Iraq signs an agreement with Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann on the development of a Jewish homeland in Palestine and an Arab nation in a large part of the Middle East. *1925 – Benito Mussolini announces he is taking dictatorial powers over Italy. *1932 – Martial law is declared in Honduras to stop a revolt by banana workers fired by the United Fruit Company. *1933 – Minnie D. Craig becomes the first female elected as Speaker of the North Dakota House of Representatives, the first female to hold a Speaker position anywhere in the United States. *1938 – The March of Dimes is established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. *1944 – World War II: Top Ace Major Greg "Pappy" Boyington is shot down in his Vought F4U Corsair by Captain Masajiro Kawato flying a Mitsubishi A6M Zero. *1945 – World War II: Admiral Chester W. Nimitz is placed in command of all U.S. Naval forces in preparation for planned assaults against Iwo Jima and Okinawa in Japan. *1946 – Popular Canadian American jockey George Woolf dies in a freak accident during a race; the annual George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award is created to honor him. *1947 – Proceedings of the U.S. Congress are televised for the first time. *1949 – The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, the central bank of the Philippines, is established. *1953 – Frances P. Bolton and her son, Oliver from Ohio, become the first mother and son to serve simultaneously in the U.S. Congress. *1956 – A fire damages the top part of the Eiffel Tower. *1957 – The Hamilton Watch Company introduces the first electric watch. *1958 – The West Indies Federation is formed. *1959 – Alaska is admitted as the 49th U.S. state. * 1959 – Separatists in the Maldives declare the establishment of the United Suvadive Republic. *1961 – The United States severs diplomatic relations with Cuba over the latter's nationalization of American assets. * 1961 – A core explosion and meltdown at the SL-1, a government-run reactor near Idaho Falls, Idaho, kills three workers. * 1961 – In Finland's worst civilian aviation accident an Aero Flight 311 crashes near Kvevlax, resulting in the deaths of all 25 people aboard. * 1961 – A protest by agricultural workers in Baixa de Cassanje, Portuguese Angola, turns into a revolt, opening the Angolan War of Independence, the first of the Portuguese Colonial Wars. *1962 – Pope John XXIII excommunicates Fidel Castro. *1976 – The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights comes into effect. *1977 – Apple Computer is incorporated. *1990 – Former leader of Panama Manuel Noriega surrenders to American forces. *1993 – In Moscow, Russia, George Bush and Boris Yeltsin sign the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START). * 1994 – More than seven million people from the former apartheid Homelands receive South African citizenship. *1996 – The Motorola StarTAC, the first flip phone and one of the first mobile phones to gain widespread consumer adoption, goes on sale. *1997 – China announces it will spend US$27.7 billion to fight erosion and pollution in the Yangtze and Yellow River valleys. *1999 – The ''Mars Polar Lander'' is launched. * 1999 – Israel detains, and later expels, 14 members of Concerned Christians. *2000 – The last original weekday ''Peanuts'' comic strip is published. *2002 – Israeli forces seize the Palestinian freighter ''Karine A'' in the Red Sea, finding 50 tons of weapons. *2004 – Flash Airlines Flight 604 crashes into the Red Sea, resulting in 148 deaths, making it the deadliest aviation accident in Egyptian history. *2009 – The first block of the blockchain of the decentralized payment system Bitcoin, called the ''Genesis block'', was established by the creator of the system, Satoshi Nakamoto. *2015 – Boko Haram militants raze the entire town of Baga in north-east Nigeria, with as many as 2,000 people having been killed. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「January 3」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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